THINKING AND DECDING
Kinds Of Thinking
Autistic Thinking
Autistic thinking is a form of thought disturbance and is a term used to refer to thinking not in accordance with consensus reality and emphasizes preoccupation with inner experience. See also dereistic thinking.
Realistic Thinking
Realistic thinking is encapsulated thinking processes grounded in an honest appraisal of all relevant data and conditions in different situations. Realistic thought allows a clear-headed adaptation of thought and behavior and depends on the ability to interpret conditions and facts of the situation in a consistent and accurate manner.
Mechanics Of Thinking
Over the years there has been much speculation and some controversy over the mechanics of thinking especially in regard to the physical processes of involved. Despite the great amount of study devoted to this question, we know much more about what the individual. Can perceive, learn, remember, and think than we do about the processes by which these activities are actually brought about.
The Role Of The Brain
Man has long surmised that the brain is “the origin of thought”. Such knowledge, no doubt. was originally derived by our prehistoric ancestors from observation that persons whose brain suffered massive damage in battle or through accidents lost much of their previous ability to think. Knowing that thought is made possible by activity of the brain, however, is far from knowing just what that activity is.
Muscular Activity In Thinking
Many lines of experimental evidence have demonstrated that thinking is accompanied by muscular contractions. These are often so minute that the can be detected only with the aid of a sensitive apparatus which picks up the small but measurable electrical impulses (action potentials) produced by contracting muscles.
The importance of sensory feedback
Although symbols may be manipulated in the absence of any stimulation, we know from sensory deprivation experiments that in the long run, normal thought patterns require a certain level and heterogeneity of stimulation. Evidently we need to keep checking against “reality” to confirm or alter the assumptions on which we are basing our thinking and action.
Tools In Thinking
A half century ago, psychologist were deeply concerned with the role of imagery in thinking. Some investigators maintained that thought requited the use of images-mental pictures of a foal sensory experiences whereas others held that thought could proceed in the absence of imagery.
Concepts In Thinking
Much of our education formal and in formal consists of learning to employ abstract concepts, such concepts as those represented by the terms “mass” veiocity energy time distance and interia are esential to an understanding of physics.
Insight
Insight is the understanding of a specific cause and effect in a specific context. The term insight can have several related meaning. (b) A piece of information. (c) The act of result of understanding the inner nature of things or of seeing intuitively. (d) An introspection. (e) The power of acute observation and deduction, penetration, discernment, perception called intellection. (f) An understanding of case effect based on identification of relationship and behaviors within a model, context, or scenario.
Steps In Problem solving
Define the problem, Diagnose the situation that your focus in on the problem, not just its symptom.
Generate alternative solution.
Evaluate and select and alternative.
Implement and follow up on the solution.
Structure:
Structure is and arrangement and organization of interrelated element, in a material object or system or the object or system so organized.
Individual Factor in problem solving
To be success in any particular problem solving situation depends on many factors. All thinking takes place within a context which includes the thinker’s motives, attitudes, and memories of past experience.
Creativity:
Definition
Mental characteristic that allows a person to think outside of the box, which results in innovative or different approaches to a particular task. "Amy's creativity is the main factor that landed her the job at the design firm.“
Characteristics Of Creative People:
Associative orientation: Imaginative, playful, have a wealth of ideas, ability to be committed, sliding transitions between fact and fiction.
Need for originality: Resists rules and conventions. Have a rebellious attitude because of a need to do things no one else does.
Motivation: Have a need to perform, goal oriented, innovative attitude, stamina to tackle difficult issues.
Ambition: Have a need to be influential, attract attention and recognition.
Flexibility: Have the ability to see different aspects of issues and come up with optimal solutions.
Low emotional stability: Have a tendency to experience negative emotions, greater fluctuations in moods and emotional state, failing self-confidence.
Low sociability: Have a tendency not to be very considerate, are obstinate and find faults and flaws in ideas and people.
Can Creativity Be Improved By Training?
In view of the present need for creative scientists, much attention has been given to the problem of developing creativity through training. A number of encouraging results have been reported.
As further research is done in the area of developing creativity, it may be possible, by systematic training, to increase the number of highly creative workers in our society.
Information Theory:
We use symbols not only in thinking but also in communicating our ideas to other people. Information theory, not actually a theory so much as a field of study, is concerned with the principles that make for understanding, control, and predictability in communication.
Parts of a communication system:
All communication systems are made up of five basic parts: source, transmitter, channel, receiver, and destination.
Signals And Noise:
In any communication system there are signals and noise.
Signals are the planned events that carry information. An example is the code used in telegraphic communication.
Noise consists of unplanned and unwanted events which, occurring sufficiently often, can interfere with communication.
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